Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly Monopolistic Competition Advertising is a technique used by firms in monopolistic competition to create product differentiation and gain some control of the market, and as a result, charge a higher price. Excessive advertising will serve to inform consumers about the physical difference in the product and the perceived difference will lead to increased product differentiation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If advertising convinces customers that the product is superior to the competitor’s then the firm would charge a higher price (Arnold 241). Advertising will increase demand and reduce demand elasticity. The current profit maximizing output is given by Q at a price P; therefore, advertising will increase the quantities of the product the consumers are willing to purchase leading to a shift or a move in the demand curve t o a higher level. The new demand curve will correspond to higher levels of quantity demanded and the prices given by Q1 and P1 (Arnold 245). In a monopolistic competition the firm faces a comparatively elastic demand, and this limits the prices that can be charged on the product. In order to reduce demand elasticity, the demand curve will be relatively steeper implying that consumers are likely to change their quantity demanded as a result of a change in price. As illustrated in the diagram the firm can now charge a slightly higher price P1 for the same quantity, this means the firm can collect more revenues for the same quantity Q sold at a profit maximizing level of output (McConnell and Brue 494). However, a firm cannot maximize profit when faced with inelastic demand because the marginal revenue (MR) is negative, implying that the marginal cost (MC) would be negative. Such a situation is not possible, where marginal revenue (MR) and marginal cost (MC) are both negative (Arnold 2 46). Excessive advertising could lead to inelastic demand and the firm will have to increase the price in order to make demand elastic because profit is not maximized when demand is inelastic. (McConnell and Brue 489). Advertising is expensive, and the firm will keep on advertising as long as the revenues generated from advertising are more than the cost of advertising. As a result of advertising, demand may increase and become inelastic, and, on the other hand, the marginal cost (MC) and average cost (AC) are likely to rise at the same time. Advertising in a monopolistic competition is excessive and as long as revenues per product are more in comparison to increase in average cost per product it may not result in loses. Firms in a monopolistic competition market will use advertising to maintain its profits because advertising affect the products of the firm by increasing its demand.Advertising Looking for essay on advertising? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pa per with 15% OFF Learn More Oligopoly The Oligopolist can increase its market share through advertising, and they compete on the basis of advertising rather than on pricing (McConnell and Brue 492). Excessive advertising by the Oligopolist is used as a barrier against entry of other firms. It is also used to inform consumers of new products in the market. Advertising also leads to increased output pushing down the average total cost (ATC) curve towards the productive efficiency point, where average total cost (ATC) is minimum. Advertising may also lead to manipulation as opposed to informing consumers. In order to understand the interdependence behavior of oligopolistic firms the technique of game theory is used as illustrated in the diagram, it shows that the two firms are better off colluding than competing. At the top left shows that both firm A and B could earn 200 dollars profit each if they choose to advertise. At the right lower quadrant, the two firms can re ceive 250 dollars each if they both choose not to advertise, because there are no costs for advertising (McConnell and Brue 496). At the lower left quadrant firm B decides to advertise while firm A does not advertise and, therefore, firm B will earn 350 dollars profits and firm A earns 100 dollars profits. This is because advertisement attracts customers from firm A to firm B. At the top right quadrant firm B does not advertise while firm A decides to advertise, therefore; firm A receives 350 dollars profits while firm B receives 100 dollars in profits because customers are attracted away from firm B. On the other hand, if the two firms chose to collude to advertise they would each receive 250 dollars profits. In oligopoly, there are few dominant players in the market and each cannot fully influence the market independently unless they collude to influence and affect the price and demand. Advertising in an oligopolistic firm is used to increase both market share and total demand.Adv ertising We will write a custom essay sample on Advertising in Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In an attempt, to gain bigger market share Oligopolist will engage in fierce advertising competition trying to outdo each other. (McConnell and Brue 494). This scenario makes advertising in the oligopolistic markets to be extremely high. It is difficult to tell if advertising leads to in improved consumer benefits and efficiency. However, if advertising results to more sales and increased output, this could lead to efficiency of the firm. It is costly to advertise and may lead to improved efficiency if costs are less than the benefits from sales. Advertising may have no direct relation with the benefits to the consumer, however, if increased sales arising from advertisement leads to reduced prices, then customers will enjoy some benefits (McConnell and Brue 487). Arnold, Roger A. Micro Economics. 10t h ed. Washington, DC: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. McConnell, Campbell R. and Stanley L. Brue. Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2005. Print.

Masters Thesis

Masters Thesis Before writing a thesis/dissertation you will have to trash over a great number of materials for your research. You should start your work with a thinking stage during which you take your time to debate different ideas for your future research project in your mind. Educational institutions throughout the world are generally using words ‘thesis’ and ‘dissertation’ interchangeably. However, an educational tradition in some countries has firmly fixed the use of these terms. For instance, colleges and universities within the US use the term ‘thesis’ to denote a final project done at bachelor’s and/or master’s level, while the term ‘dissertation’ is used to signify a Ph.D.  level research project. Master’s Thesis: General Tips Writing a master’s thesis and its subsequent defense at viva voce is a mandatory requirement for obtaining master’s degree at the majority of degree awarding institutions. By completing your master’s thesis you are required to gain mastery in the chosen subfield and demonstrate your knowledge and competence in it. Working on a project of such scale is by no means an easy task. Many researchers agree that writing a masters’ thesis is more difficult than PhD because a student attempts to become an expert in a field which she or he hasn’t dealt with previously. They argue that work on a PhD is normally done by a researcher who already possesses expert-level knowledge in the field, is aware of the most recent research and is actively involved in the research process within this field. The main purpose of PhD-level writing is making a unique contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Master’s thesis doesn’t demand unique research; howe ver, its successful completion will require its author to demonstrate mastery within a given topic.   While working on a thesis one will need to cover a considerable number of resources (books, journals, periodicals, sites, databases etc), analyze them carefully, pick out the ones that are most relevant to the topic, and write, write, write. A WINNING THESIS PAPER Writing a master’s thesis might seem a daunting task because of the scale of work and the amount of research that has to be done. When you take another look at it and try to break the writing process into smaller assignments, it won’t appear intimidating anymore. To better organize the process and facilitate a  better understanding of the goals and tasks of master thesis writing, let’s take a closer look at the steps one has to take while working on the project. Masters Thesis: Selecting a Topic Selecting a topic for your master’s thesis lays the foundation of the entire project. The choice of the topic for their masters’ theses is generally left to students. As a result, topic selection becomes the first challenge in the course of writing. It is always a difficult task to achieve because students are new to the topic, have little knowledge on the subject and can easily make a mistake. Choosing a topic that is too general, for example, is one of the common mistakes. Another pitfall is selecting a topic that has not yet been researched. Despite all these academic traps, the general recommendation remains invariable: students need to choose topics they feel most interested in. As it has been previously said, writing a master’s thesis is a lengthy and a difficult process, and only your interest in the topic, as well as your academic curiosity and enthusiasm, will give you the energy to complete the project. Masters Thesis: Finding an Advisor Once the topic is chosen and before the actual writing, students are required to find a research advisor who would direct the writing process and work together with the student to strengthen the paper. Many institutions require their students to draft a plan of their thesis with a brief explanation of the issues that will be researched, abstract, bibliography and outline. Research advisors for master’s level these are usually PhD holders in their respective fields and they know immediately whether the topic is too broad or too narrow and will be able to break down the entire project into smaller bits. You will be required to see your advisor three-four times during the time you work on the paper. This is generally to discuss the thesis topic and then to review your first, second and third draft. Depending on the institution, the topic for your thesis may be approved by either your advisor personally or by the board of advisors. In case the topic gets approved by your advisor only, this is an easier case. Simply work on the topic together with him/her, and once it has been approved, proceed to research. If, however, you master’s thesis needs to be reviewed by the advisory board, you will be required to come up with a research proposal – a short extract of your future thesis. It will contain most of the sections of your actual thesis, and will briefly explain the editorial team what you are going to do your research. Once you submit the research proposal and it gets approved, you are free to proceed with further research. If the research proposal is found to be irrelevant or inadequate, the student will be required to start over: pick a new topic and come up with a new research proposal. This is normally a rare case because research advisors immediately spot topi cs that will not pass. Working on a Master’s Thesis: Structure Masters’ theses vary in structure depending on the field of study: a thesis in Arts, Economics, and Mathematics will be different. However, generally world institutions require the thesis to take five chapters. The first chapter is the thesis introduction, where the research topic and methodology are explained; the second chapter is a  review of the  literature, containing the  analysis of the literature on a given problem. The third chapter is the methodology section of the master’s thesis, explaining the methods utilized, data collected and approaches used. The ‘findings’ section is another major part of the paper presenting the reader with the results of the research. The fifth chapter of the master’s thesis should interpret the search findings and discuss them within the framework of the lit review. The final section of the paper is the conclusion, summing up the research and stating whether results have proven the hypothesis. Thesis Examination Many institutions require candidates to go through the so-called ‘thesis defense’, where students are required to present results of their research to an examining committee, consisting of senior scholars who are experts in the field. This examination, often called â€Å"viva voce† is generally done after the thesis has been completed, but before it gets submitted to the university. The committee reviews it and then makes a decision if the thesis is written at a decent academic quality level. There are four possible ‘verdicts’ a committee can come to:   Accepted without any corrections. This is rarely the case, as most theses will need a revision or a minor tuning;   Must be revised. In this case, the thesis is found to contain grammar and spelling errors that require correction. Most theses fall into this category;   Extensive revision needed. The thesis contains a series of other mistakes, including issues with methodology, literature, and some theoretical concepts;   Unacceptable. This is rarely the case in practice because academic advisors spot theses of unacceptable quality and failing a thesis at a viva voce will put his/her reputation at risk. Generally, writing a master’s thesis is a lengthy and a complicated process that requires patience, persistence, and practice. Should you need professional assistance with writing your master’s thesis, is a writing company that is your perfect choice. All our writers have at least one master’s thesis they have written and defended for getting their own degree; and at least 4-5 more that were completed for our customers. Some of them specialize in thesis writing and take only masters’ theses. THESIS STATEMENT Whenever you are using the help of our writers, you are receiving support from world class professionals, capable of crafting an effective master’s thesis to match your needs. We can be of assistance if you have completed the thesis yourself and need a major revision, proofreading service or a rewrite. It is always good for a thesis to be read by someone else, not just the author. In any case, we have the expertise required to ace your masters’ thesis. Please visit our order page or contact our support team for additional information. is the service you can trust!

Hepatitis B Virus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hepatitis B Virus - Essay Example The complete infective virion is a 42nm particle comprising an inner core of 27 nm surrounded by an outer envelope of surface protein HBsAg. This surface coat is produced in excess by the infected hepatocytes and can exist separately form the whole virion in the serum and the body as 22nm particle. The genome of HBV is a partially double stranded circular DNA molecule with a unique In that all regions of the viral genome encode protein sequences. HBsAG contains a major â€Å"a† antigenic determinant as well as several subtypes: â€Å"d† â€Å"y† â€Å"w† and â€Å"r†. Combinations of these sub-determinants ( e:g adr, adw, ayw, and ayr) are used to classify HBV genotypes A-H of which the main types are type A(35%) B(225) (31%) and D(10%). There is a strong correlation between genotypes and geographical areas. Genotype A is mainly seen in North west Europe, North America, North America and central Africa; B in south East Asia; C in south East Asia D; in southern Europe, India and the middle East; E in west Africa; F in south and central America, in American Indians and in Polynesia. G in France and the USA; and H in central and south America. The core is formed of core protein (HBcAg) containing incompletely double stranded circular DNA and DNA polymerase/reverse transcriptase. One strand is almost a complete circle and contains overlapping genes that encode both structural proteins (pre-S, surface (s), core (s)) and replicative proteins (polymerase and x). The other strand is variable in length synthesis during the viral replication. If there is an acute clinical episode the virus is cleared in approximately 90% of patients as there is a good immune reaction. There is serum sickness-like immunological syndrome see urticaria or maculopapular rash and polyathritis affecting small joints and occurring in up to 25% of case in the subclinical period. There is increase of temperature. Extrahepatic immune

A Critical Gaze of Scientific Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Critical Gaze of Scientific Medicine - Essay Example In the novel, the different levels within the cosmopolitan medical system itself also embody the class structure during the 1920’s and 1930’s in China. In the hierarchy of the cosmopolitan medical system the upper class is composed of foreign physicians and foreign-trained Chinese male physicians, the middle class is made up of local-trained Chinese male or female doctors, nurses, therapists, and technicians, and the working class consists of Chinese female service personnel. Foreign physicians and foreign-trained Chinese physicians play the dominant role during the interactions between the patients and the cosmopolitan medical system in Gold-dust Dynasty, whereas nurses and service personnel are almost silent, which implies that the cosmopolitan medicine in Gold-dust Dynasty lays stress on the training of physicians, rather than the provision of care to patients. During the treatment, experiences of suffering and symptom expressions are explained as the depersonalized site of isolatable sickness episodes by physicians. Patients seek but do not get answers to their questions about their suffering and therefore develop their own understanding of their situations. For example, the formal wife of the biggest son of the Jin family is sick during her pregnancy. The physician prescribes her medicine without any explanation of her ailment. As a result, the lady begins to perceive her baby as the cause of her physical and psychological afflictions, leading to plans for aborting the baby.

Construction Cost Control & Management Coursework - 1

Construction Cost Control & Management - Coursework Example The length of the lodge is 14 meters and the width is 10 meters. The rear roofing will not be excavated. The perimeter area that is to be excavated is the outer 2m width, and the depth will be 2.75 m. On the first day at the site, only the excavator and the driver will be present since the only work on that day will only involve digging up the ground. The material extracted is of poor quality and will be deposited in a pit far away from the site. The material is to be transported to a pit 8 km away by 20 tones capacity lorry. The number of lorries to be used during excavation period are two, which means the time taken to load one lorry is equal to the time taken by the other lorry to ferry the unwanted soil and come back. The time taken to load a lorry is estimated to be 30 minutes, thus, the speed of the lorry is 32 km per hour. That means in a day each lorry is expected to make 8 trips but one lorry will take one less trip which is lost at the start of the day meaning the total num ber made in a day are 15. Thus, the excavator and the general operations will take 12 days while the lorry and the loader will cover 12 days. The ground work will involve the laying down of a building foundation that will include parts of walls, piers and a column. The foundation will have to be strong and this means it has to be dug deeper enough to enable stability of the lodge. The ground work stage will be have various costs expenditures in the excavation process which will include payment of the wheeled excavator, cost of hiring a lorry to transport the excavated soil, paying the loader back hoe, tipping fee and other general operative costs. The workers will take 8 hours per day and the work will be carried out for six days a week. Thus, the excavation will take 96 hours since the maximum period allowed is two weeks. The tipping site is paid per 10000 m3 lorry capacity deposited for price of $20. The cost of the various tasks attached to the groundwork stage are general operat ion costs $12 per hour, lorry and driver $38 per hour, wheel excavator and driver $35 per hour and loader backhoe $32 per hour. Brickwork; the walls of the lodge are to be built by bricks with a cement lime mortar. The number of bricks that will be used in the construction of the lodge will depend on the perimeter, height and partition of the lodge. The costs that will be involved in brickwork are that of purchasing the bricks, cement, cost of hiring a mixer, cost of labor and general operative costs. The price of the block bricks is $ 54 per 1000 bricks and the price of the hollow bricks is $ 100 per 1000 bricks. The overall cost charged by the contractor includes the cost of the materials, 8% on overheads and profit. The appearance of the wall is to be improved during the course of the contract by hollow bricks of different which will be sourced from a different manufacturer. Thus, the cost of the bricks will different due to their nature. The sunken bricks are more easily broken than the rest and the amount of waste is expected to be twice of the other bricks. The cost of the two types of bricks differs in their prices levels. The cost of block bricks is estimated to cost 75% to the price of the hollow bricks. Wall cladding; the wall cladding will involve the process of installing the bricks to form walls and the floor of the lodge. The installation process will face two set of periods because of the two types

The Main Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency

The Main Causes Of Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile justice is a system of state bodies that execute justice in cases of crimes and offenses committed by juveniles, as well as state and private structures conducting monitoring of correction and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders and the prevention of juvenile delinquency, family welfare and child rights. In 1824 in New York the first reformatory for children was created to protect them from sharing in prison with adult criminals. In 1831 the Illinois Law foresaw that the punishment of juveniles for certain types of crimes should be distinguished from punishment for adults. In 1869 in Boston (Massachusetts) the court hearing to deal specifically with cases of inconsistencies juveniles was first organized and it was implemented the first experience of the Terms of Probation (educational supervision), becoming later one of the most common and, according to Americans the most effective methods of treatment of juvenile offenders. U.S. Federal Law already contained a requirement of consideration of cases involving minors under the age of 16 years, apart from cases of adult offenders. Later, in July 1899, in Chicago under Illinois Law About abandoned children, street and crime children and about how they are treated the first Childrens Court was established. Adoption of the Law and the creation of juvenile court was initiated by Lucy Flower, the member of the Chicago Womens Club, Julia Latrop, themember of public organization Hull House, the society of patronage  «Visitation and Aid Society ». To deal with cases of juveniles new issues were introduced: a new concept of law offender as delinquent, which differs from the concept of criminal. This concept has found the consolidation of the status of a juvenile offender, who became the subject of juvenile justice. The first juvenile court was established in Australia (1890), then these courts were established in Canada (1894) and in 1899 in the United States. In connection with the acute need of the society the League of Nations established in 1919 Child welfare Committee, which considered the rights of children mainly in the context of the measures that need to be taken against street children, slavery, child labor, child trafficking and prostitution of minors. Important role in the development of social standards for the protection of children in this period played a non-governmental organizations, in particular the International Save the Children Alliance, founded by an Englishwoman Eglantayn Jebb in 1923 by the Council that was set up shortly before the non-governmental organization the International Save the Children Alliance, Children Rights Declaration. This Declaration, that was named Geneva Declaration, was approved the next year the fifth Assembly of the League of Nations. In 1924 League of Nations in Geneva, at its 5-th session adopted as proposed by the International Children Care Union the Declaration of the Rights of the Chi ld. This was the first document in international law for the protection of the rights and interests of children. In the framework of international protection of human rights of United Nation Organizations General Assembly on 10 December 1948 adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and in 1966 the International Covenants on Human Rights. The Declaration and the covenants made a number of provisions specifically relating to the rights and interests of children: the principle of equality of children, the norms of protection of motherhood and childhood, to protect children from exploitation, the right of children to get education. Analyses of the causal factors of criminal behavior of juveniles are complex forms of social behavior, deterministic system of interrelated issues. These issues can be divided into biological and social. Ancestor of biological trends in criminology was the Italian doctor a psychiatrist and criminologist Cesare Lombroso (1836 1909), who linked the criminal conduct of a man with his anatomy. The hypothesis of the existence of such a relationship had an impact on scientists to find the second half of the 20 century. They are, in particular, the theory of Y-chromosome. In accordance with the norm for women is characterized by a set of chromosome-type XX, for men XY. But sometimes there is a pathology associated with the appearance of an extra X or Y-chromosome. Some researchers (Price, Witkin) suggest that the presence of extra » Y-chromosome in males causes a tendency to wrongful conduct. The phenomenon of crime can be more fully explained in addressing the social issues influencing its formation. Social factors can be divided into two groups: macro-and micro social. Macro-factors: 1. Low living standards of the most of population, a strong contrast to the distribution of income in society. 2. Deficiencies in the development of leisure-time system: poor organization of a network of clubs, clubs, sports clubs, the lack of concern for the integration and consolidation in the minors in difficult living conditions and upbringing. 3. Disadvantages of the educational activities of schools and vocational-technical schools. 4. Weaknesses in the employment of minors, as well as training them in the labor collectives. 5. Penetration in youth behavior inconsistent with societal values. An important role is played by the media: movies, series, television, newspaper and magazine articles, as well as the Internet. Micro social issues: 1.Negative influence of the family. Family is the most important social institutions. It is in the family where the formation of the individual adolescent starts. But not all families can be considered to be the favorable background for the development of the child. Contribution of adverse families in juvenile crime by some estimates is 30-35%. 2. Hypo Custody is the lack of proper control over the child, often turning into neglect. 3. Negative influence of informal peer groups. 4. Instigation causeà Ã‚ ² by adult offenders, which, according to the randomized studies, are not less than 30% of cases. As one can easily see from the above mentioned the formation of criminal motivation is affected by a complex of factors. Without knowledge of these factors it is inappropriate to talk about crime prevention, which will be discussed further. United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency The Riyadh Guidelines proclaims the prevention of juvenile delinquency as the permissibility of the prevention of crime in society. The Riyadh Guidelines provides several levels of implementation of measures to prevent juvenile delinquency: The first level of prevention, as general measures, is to promote social justice and equality of opportunity, which, in turn, contributes to eliminate the root causes of crime such as poverty and other forms of marginalization; The second level of prevention, admeasures to help children belonging to high-risk groups, such as those whose parents are experiencing particular difficulties or neglect their parental responsibilities; The third level of prevention, including measures to avoid unnecessary contact with the formal justice system, as well as measures to prevent repeat offenses. In fact, in Riyadh Guiding Principles as an essential component of the first and second levels of prevention, as well as, perhaps, to a lesser extent, prevention, third level, reflected many of the rights set forth in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. For example, the normal standard of living and access to the educational system, the positive values instilled in children, are both the rights of the child (in the Convention), and elements of the first level of prevention (in the Guidelines). As to the second level of prevention, in this regard, both documents are based on the concept of the primary responsibilities of the family to ensure the welfare, protection and upbringing of the child, that reinforced the obligations of signatories to Convention countries to assist families in fulfilling this role and at the same time to intervene in cases when parents clearly are not willing or able to assume these responsibilities. And by encouraging the adoption of retaliatory measur es against the offender, to avoid recourse to legal proceedings, and setting as the primary purpose of any such measures the social reintegration of a child, the Convention thus reflects a problem in the third level of prevention, as outlined in the Guidelines. The consequence of such a uniform approach, of course, should be the maximum development of initiatives supported by the community and to the family. This is not a task only for specialists in the field of juvenile justice, and for a wide range of state and public organizations with competence in this area. There is no doubt partly because of the extent of the tasks, responsibilities of the organizations have not yet been identified, and actions unsystematic. So prevention and reintegration in the full sense of the word still remain the weakest links in the chain of activities to improve the system of juvenile justice. In practice, efforts to prevent juvenile delinquency are in matter-of-fact identical to the observance and protection of child rights, that are proclaimed by The Convention. This is not surprising, but it is rarely mentioned. Besides, there are still many specialist debating often in spite of the documentary evidences on terms that although are not in every sense of the cause of crime, but at least increase their likelihood. For example, the poverty the absolute and relative in some circles is still considered to be motivation for crime, despite the fact that the Riyadh Guidelines has officially recognized as a factor at the international level. In accordance with one of the classifications, two types of prevention are distinguished: primary prevention and rehabilitation (secondary) prevention. The main prevention is the object of its impact on young people who have not committed any illegal acts, and has a preventive nature. Rehabilitation prevention applies to adolescents who have been in contact with the formal system of public justice and is designed to prevent future, perhaps more serious wrongful acts. However, not always possible to track the effectiveness of preventive measures as the percentage of imperfect crime is nowhere recorded. Another classification reflects the prevention of various types of social action and reaction to the growing crime rate. According to this classification, prevention is divided into a punitive, remedial and mechanical. Punitive prevention lies in the threat of punishment, which is intended to intimidate and prevent the commission of criminal acts. Remedial prevention lies in the influence of the causes and factors, which could be a potential trigger for the wrongful conduct. Mechanical prevention is most often used in so-called crime areas, to prevent crime and is enhanced security measures and increased police control. Program of punitive prevention, is widely spread in many countries around the world are trying to curb juvenile delinquency, the emergence of gangs and their involvement in criminal behavior through oversight, including ongoing monitoring by the police, and targeted prosecution. Suppression means active intervention, fully legitimized by the State, it was originally declared as a correct and therefore does not require special justification and absolutely no evaluation of results. The approach from the standpoint of suppression is characterized by the fact that all completely ignores the propaganda of the desired behavior, only suppressing undesirable. External aggression can in many cases only strengthen the cohesion of delinquent adolescent groups, so this kind of prevention makes sense to use when all other measures. In recent years a growing number of opportunities and the relevance of the participation were caused by local communities in the fight against teenagers and young delinquency. There are programs aimed at education and training groups and representatives of local communities that are experiencing growth in a juvenile delinquency to implement informal control over young people and involving young people in the positive activities. Program of individual and group social and psychological assistance include camps, group homes, alternative schools, shelters. Particular attention should be given to homeless teenagers, and teenagers who have lost family or relation to it, left without family education, as they are by virtue of adverse events most at risk of involvement in delinquent activity. Implementing preventive programs they should take into account the linkages teenage delinquent groups with adult organized crime. In addition, delinquent groups may exist with members of local communities. Recent studies have shown that the differentiation of offenders and victims are usually not by sex and age, but by differences within each gender. That is, the perpetrators and victims of the same sex present different types of masculinity or femininity. Thus, when developing prevention programs should be gender noted. At the same time, many preventive measures have not given to the effect that they were expected to give. Especially ineffective is the struggle with membership in teenagers and youth groups (gang). Juvenile delinquency often mistakenly is considered to be an individual phenomenon, and the group aspect is almost ignored. However, delinquent acts are committed mostly by teens in the group, so the preventive work must not take into account the psychology of the individual, and group dynamics. It is also important to pay attention to the specifics of subcultural groups, which will be directed by preventive measures. Recent studies have shown that the differentiation of offenders and victims are usually not by sex and age, and gender differences. At the same time, whilst development of the programs to combat juvenile delinquency, gender police in practice is not considered. Also noteworthy development of the displacement problem of prevention programs from one socio-cultural environment to another. Thus, together with mentioned traditional methods of preventive work, now there are new promising strategies for prevention. Until they become part of a general practice, careful theoretical and practical testing of their capabilities and limitations. Ideas of social reform and work with the person as a priority has the impact on crime prevention and criminal behavior, including recidivism should not move to the background. Historical lessons have clearly demonstrated the lack of direct correlation between lower crime rates and the rate of punishment, as a fundamental means of coercion. In this context, the most acute issues differ from reorientation of criminal policy on the prevention of juvenile delinquency. A special place in this system will hold individual level to prevent delinquency behavior of juveniles. The society now is the witness of the policy of valueless policy. During the next twenty years the program of State Fund should be implemented to promote general social and common specially-criminological prevention ultimately realized by working with each individual juvenile.

Animal Rebellion in Animal Farm

Animal Farm by George Orwell is a story about a group of animals that rebel to get their freedom. It is a story about a society with excellent ideas for progress, that starts with good management, but eventually becomes corrupt. It is a devastating satire on the Russian Revolution. The story elements are matched by a simple prose style. This novel is a straightforward piece of story-telling, which makes the theme of the story pretty clear: totalitarianism is not to be trusted and the communist revolution changed virtually nothing. George Orwell used some literary elements such as plot, characterization, irony, and allusion to present and emphasize the theme of the story. First, Orwell used the plot and characters to present the theme of the story. For instance, the pigs and dogs took most of the power for themselves, thinking they were the best administrators of government. This shows that they were giving themselves attributions and were starting to be unequal. Eventually, the power corrupted them and they killed many of their fellow animals to eliminate competition. Also, Orwell used the pigs to represent the leaders of the Russian government during the 1920†³s, such as Lenin and Stalin. This illustrates how the author used characters, in this case the pigs, to describe the way some leaders acted while they were in charge of their government. Overall, by using a suspenseful but explicit plot, and a personification of animals, Orwell made the reader understand the corruption that surrounded the Russian government. In addition, Orwell used the irony and allusion to present the theme of the story. For example, it is ironic how the animals never remembered any of the commandments clearly, and every time Squealer changed them, nobody noticed it, except Benjamin. This shows how much confidence the animals had on their leaders. They believed that after Mr. Jones had left, now they were supposedly â€Å"their own masters†. Also, Orwell used allusion by presenting a rebellion of animals, which made reference to the Russian Revolution of 1917. This shows how the author used animals to indirectly criticize the leaders of the Russian government during the revolution. By making reference to historical events from the past, the author made a link between the past and present actions and how they relate to one another. Therefore, Animal Farm shows how revolutionary ideals of justice, equality and fraternity always shatter in the moment in which they are going to be practiced. Animal Farm concerns one of the central political experiences of our time: revolution. It is a story about a revolution for an ideal, and about how the ideal is increasingly betrayed until it disappears altogether from the new ociety after the revolution. Because of the corruption within the pig leaders, the animals on the farm ended perhaps even worse than when Mr. Jones was in charge. Every time men and women decide to change the system of government they were born under, there has been a revolution. Orwell is trying to get to the point that revolutions are leading to eventual destruction of society. All in all, there is always going to be a social status that will divide men and economic classes from one another.

Stranded: Gun and Injured Wolf

Frozen, with snow barricading the front door. Opening one old, rickety door took us more than ten minutes. We had physically exhausted ourselves, digging through the snow with our bare hands. Every inch of our bodies ached and all sensation had been lost. â€Å"Hurry up, It's getting dark and I'm getting hungry. † I shouted. â€Å"We need to find that weapon or something sharp! † Squeaked Jim. I quickly decided to abandon the Idea of a rescue plan for the Injured wolf. This seemed a good Idea at the time due to everybody feeling the way they did.We later found out that it was the wrong decision to leave the wolf injured and nearly paid with our lives. I decided to ask Scarlet and Jim if they minded that I was behaving as team leader without a vote from the group. As I was the strongest and oldest they were happy to agree. Our first night away from our parents wasn't pretty. No food, no defense. What had started out to be a rescue mission for the Injured mammal; had alre ady become ours. It was a long night, with the snow drifting Inside the cabin. We were out In the open and were fighting for our lives.To survive we had to work as a team and be quick Through the shutters on the broken, rusty window was a distant figure. Suddenly he started to approach the cabin. â€Å"01†¦ Who are you thinking you can trespass on my property! † bellowed a strange voice in the background. â€Å"Hello? † we all answered simultaneously. You could tell we were all petrified. I tried being fearless, but inside I trembled in my boots. I was hoping this was not apparent to the stranger, who I considered scary and looking like a hillbilly's! I dread to think how Scarlet was feeling.I could see her physically shaking. An old, wrinkly man appeared wrapped with layers of wool around him. His long, rough, black hair blew in the strong, icy wind. However I quickly noticed dripping on the floor was thick, black, blood, Just like on the injured wolf. Straight t he way we stood, and were full of terror. Stranger danger! I could hear my mum reminding me in my head! We could never trust the man. I took a step back from Scarlet and Jim. They were frozen on the spot seeming to be glued to the floor. I quickly grabbed them towards me creating a little space.We noticed he had a gun in is left leather pouch on his belt. We knew we were already at a disadvantage. Miracles do happen! With the sudden noise and movement of a wild boar on the cabin roof. The stranger became distracted. This was the moment to see if he was really a human! Quickly we all opened the shutters on the windows to let as much sunlight in as possible. It was our only chance. My nightmare became reality. The stranger was full of fury and howled like a beast. This exposed his disgusting, large, yellow fangs. His fingers sprouted claws of a wolf.We all knew he wasn't human, neither mammal. He was a werewolf. Typically we had learnt something valuable in school regarding how to kil l a werewolf. We new the sunlight weakened him. He stood tall as if he felt in charge. The gun from the leather pouch dropped when the sunlight hit him. We all scrambled for the gun. Scarlet was the quickest and released a few rounds of bullets. The werewolf hesitated and ran for his life. Scarlet thought she had missed but remembers Mrs. Hilton saying â€Å"Only one silver bullet will kill a werewolf; nothing other than. †

How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian

How to Talk About the Parts of the Body in Italian While chatting about body parts isn’t something that’s often a part of small talk, the necessity of knowing body part of Italian vocabulary pops at the most unexpected times. Besides the typical doctor situation, it comes up in many Italian proverbs, when describing physical characteristics of a person, and in famous children’s songs. Head, Shoulders, Knees Toes Below you’ll find an extensive list of body parts in the singular form along with examples to demonstrate the various ways to use your newfound vocabulary in real life. ankle la caviglia arm il braccio armpit lascella artery larteria body il corpo bone losso brain il cervello calf il polpaccio chest il torace collarbone la clavicola elbow il gomito finger il dito foot il piede hand la mano heart il cuore heel il calcagno hip lanca index finger lindice knee il ginocchio larynx la laringe leg la gamba middle finger il medio muscle il muscolo nail lunghia nerve il nervo pinkie il mignolo rib la costola ring finger lanulare shoulder la spalla skin la pelle spine la spina dorsale stomach lo stomaco thumb il pollice vein la vena wrist il polso When you change some of the body parts from the singular into the plural form, they might seem strange at first because they don’t follow the regular rules of the ending of a feminine, plural word ending in the letter -e or a masculine, plural word ending in the letter -i. Per esempio L’orecchio (ear) becomes le orecchie (ears)Il braccio (arm) becomes le braccia (arms)Il dito (finger) becomes le dita (fingers)Il ginocchio (knee) becomes le ginocchia (knees) Esempi Mi fa male lo stomaco. - My stomach hurts.Ho mal di testa. - I have a headache.Ho la testa altrove. - My head is somewhere else; I’m not focused.Siamo nelle tue mani. - We’re in your hands; We’re trusting you.L’hai visto? Ha gli addominali a tartaruga! - Did you see him? He has six-pack abs!Devo farmi le unghie. - I need to do my nails; I need to get a manicure.Sei cosà ¬ rosso in viso! - You’re so red in the face!; You’re blushing.Ho un ginocchio messo male. - I have a bad knee. Finally, here are a few proverbs with body parts: Alzarsi con il piede sbagliato – To get up with the wrong foot; idiomatic meaning: to get up on the wrong side of the bed Stamattina, mi sono svegliato/a con il piede sbagliato e finora ho avuto una giornataccia! - This morning I got up with the wrong foot and since then I’ve had such a bad day! Non avere peli sulla lingua – To have no hairs on the tongue; idiomatic meaning: to speak frankly Lui sempre dice cose sprezzanti, non ha davvero peli sulla lingua! - He always says rude things, he truly doesn’t have any hair on the tongue! Essere una persona in gamba/essere in gamba – To be a person in leg; idiomatic meaning: to be a really great, upstanding person Lei mi ha sempre aiutato, à ¨ veramente una persona in gamba. – She’s always helped me, she’s really a good person.

How WW1 Affected... essays

How WW1 Affected... essays a. the role of the national government in American life? World War II caused many changes in government intervention in everyday American life. FDRs role as a leader during the war enabled him to gain more power for the president in order to make decisions for the country. During WWII, most of the American society stood behind the war effort, and supported him fully. The American people were able to shake off the last few signs of depression and help to turn the economy to war-time mode. The government did not need as much propaganda to encourage the American national pride. b. The relationship between government and the economy WWII helped to save Americas struggling economy. Because of WWII the depression was finally put to rest and Americans economy did a full circle. FDR and the government set up operations, such as the War Productions Board and others to help keep Americas economy stable and producing during the war. Unimportant products were put aside and businesses began to manufacture things necessary for the war effort. Other operations were set up to keep everything going smoothly during the war such as the Office of Price Administration to help curb inflations, The War Labor Board, which kept ceilings on wage increases, and the Smith-Connally Act which prevented labor unions from striking. During WWII many different minority groups experienced major changes in their way of life. Women experienced a major changes in their role in society during the war. Many women had to fill in while the men were away at war, and stepped up to fill the mens work. Women in the factory greatly increased, which caused daycare centers to rise up. When the war ended most women did return to their previous lifestyle, but many continued to work in the factories. African Americans during this time period also had a ...

Post Award Phase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post Award Phase - Essay Example Secondly, the contractor has to evaluate the impact of such changes on the ongoing project. The evaluation will help in determining any negative impact of the change on the project. For instance, limited supply of sand may lengthen the construction period. After the evaluation, the contractor and the project manager shall document the change as either approved or disapproved. If the change is approved, its impact on the scope of the work should be documented on the purchase order change notice or on the contract amendment. However, disputes are likely to occur in the course of this change. Dispute resolution process should therefore be put in place. These include the identification of the problem, researching the facts, conducting evaluations and ensuring open communication between the two parties. These steps shall help resolve any dispute arising from the change. The resolution activities must also be documented for future

Strategic Analysis report on pharmaceutical sector company - Essay

Strategic Analysis report on pharmaceutical sector company - GlaxoSmithKline (gsk) - Essay Example GlaxoSmithKline Plc. (GSK) is a British pharmaceutical multinational corporation dealing in various drugs, biologics and vaccines. The company has its headquarters in Brantford, London. In the year 2014, GSK was ranked number six among the world’s largest pharmaceutical company. It only trails Johnson & Johnson, Hoffmann La Roche, Novartis, Sanofi and Pfizer. This ranking was done in terms of revenue, making it one of the largest corporations in Britain. GSK came into existence in the year 2000 following a merger between SmithKline Beecham Plc. and Glaxo Wellcome (Anon, 2003). While disruptions in manufacturing and the unfavorable market conditions in key geographical areas have affected its performance, it has always taken necessary steps and strategies to ensure future success. The UK pharmaceutical market is the sixth largest in the world. The market is driven by over 35,000 general practitioners. This implies that it is an open market. However, the leading companies like GSK have stronger presence compared to the smaller companies. According to Towse (2014), the growth in the market has been decelerating in the last three years. Despite this trend, there is still a high worldwide demand for versatile and quality products. Climate has emerged to be a key issue in the industry, with stakeholders striving to come up with products that do not have detrimental impacts on health and the environment. Being an open market, little regulation is usually witnessed. The main economic regulation, however, comes through the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRS), which limits the rate of returns associated with medicine sales. The intended rate is that which is equal to the overall UK rate. The pharmaceutical industry has generally performed well and managed to preserve various incentives to invention. There are, however, some current issues that are facing the industry and having an impact on the overall performance. Being a dynamic sector, various